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As an important immuneoactive component in eggs, yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) shows great competitiveness in research and production due to its good stability, high safety, low cost, easy availability, strong immune activity, and no drug resistance. This article highlights the significant advantages of IgY as a good antibiotic substitute in the prevention and treatment of viral and bacterial diseases. Also, IgY has great potential in the regulation of nutrient metabolism balance, intestinal microflora and immune homeostasis by affecting key rate-limiting enzymes, and relevant receptors and inflammatory factors specifically. Proper diet and targeted delivery of foodborne IgY may be a new perspective on inflammation regulation, disease control, nutritional balance or homeostasis, and oral microencapsulated IgY is expected to be a new approach against increasing public health emergencies (such as COVID-19 pandemic).
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Background: Monitoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been considered by the World Health Organization (WHO). We examined the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin antibodies in southwestern Iran in spring 2020. The circulation of SARS-CoV-2 is high in the general population, especially among health care workers (HCWs) who are in close contact with patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antigen in high-risk occupational and low-risk groups to investigate risk factors for serum positivity in Shiraz, southwestern Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed on 366 participants (204 from high-risk and 162 from low-risk subjects). IgG and IgM antibodies were detected using Pishtaz Teb COVID-19 ELISA Kits to evaluate SARS-CoV-2-antigen in serum samples. After enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), serum prevalence, as well as IgG/IgM positive factors, was determined using logistic regression. Results: From July to September 2020 (a few months after reporting the first case of COVID-19 cases in Iran), out of 366 survived people, 72 (40.9%) were IgG positive, and 50 (27.5%) were IgM positive. The frequency of positive serology for IgG and IgM antibodies in individuals aged < 30 years was higher in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group. Multivariate logistic regression showed that headache (OR 0.312 [95% CI: 0.136 - 0.717]) and cough (OR 0.427 [95% CI: 0.182 - 1.004]) factors were associated with IgG or IgM positive serology. Conclusions: Between July and September 2020, the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antigen was high in Shiraz. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM antibodies in the high-risk group and their family as low risk was shown to increase viral infection due to close contact with COVID 19 patients than in the general population. Several factors were found to be related to the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antigen that needs to be considered by policymakers to determine what to do about the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Background: Coronavirus is a highly infectious novel virus we are in urge to know more about their clinical characteristics and laboratory findings for the characterization and selection of treatment protocol. Methods: Prospective, single centre study. Two months data was collected, clinical characteristics data from patient case sheet and the laboratoryvalues from the Hospital Information System (HIS) for the month of July and August 2020. Results: Of 462 patients, 55 (11.9%) are falls under asymptomatic category, 194 (42%) are in mild category, 167 (36.1%) are in moderate category and 46 (10%) in severe category. Fever 230 (49.8%) and cough 211 (45.7%) was most common clinical symptom with p value < 0.01. Non-severe vs severe, 340 (73.6%) and 201 (43.5%) showed decreased in eosinophil count and absolute eosinophil count, 125 (27.1%) and 80 (17.3%) patient showed decrease in lymphocyte count and absolute lymphocyte count, 200 (43.3%) showed increase in neutrophil count with a significance of p value >0.05.186 (40.3%) patients had one or more co-morbidities. Laboratory findings between Asymptomatic VS symptomatic, showed significance changes in neutrophil, lymphocyte, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alkaline phosphatase, globulin values (p value <0.05). Conclusion: Clinical severity categorization at the time of admission was very helpful for the treating doctors in proper understanding of disease progression and appropriate treatment of the patient. Presence of co-morbidity, abnormal laboratory values, old age group patients, higher Computed Tomography score, higher mortality rate are seen more in patients who were in clinical severity grade severe category than in non-severe category patients.
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is highly mortality disease in cats. The reliable and fast diagnosis is crucial to the best prognosis. The aim of this study to evaluate the hemogram profile in cats infected with effusive FIP. Twenty cats had been diagnosed effusive FIP at Animal Clinic Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada were used in the study. The diagnosis were based on clinical examination, ultrasound, x-ray, rivalta test, and rapid test. The hemogram profile were analyzed include routine hematology and serum biochemistry. Hemogram profile in effusive FIP showed the decreased hematocrit, hyperproteinemia, and leukocytosis with an average 22.9+or-7.4%;9.0+or-2.2 g/dL;22425+or-4116 cells/mm3 respectively. Erythrocyte, hemoglobin and fibrinogen levels were still in the normal range. The results of differential leukocytes revealed that 90% cats had neutrophilia and 75% lymphopenia with an average 20066+or-3337 cells/mm3 and 1861+or-1818 cells/mm3 respectively. The blood chemistry profile showed 60% of cats experienced increase in SGPT and SGOT with an average 138.4+or-72.3 IU/L and 101+or-60.5 IU/L respectively. Hyperglobulinemia was found in 90% samples with an average 6.7+or-0.8 g/dL. All cats have a low albumin:globulin ratio with an average 0.3+or-0.1. The hemogram profile of effusive FIP were: leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia, hyperglobulinemia, and decreased albumin-globulin ratio..
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The aim of the research is to identify an appropriate training method that raises the levels of immune globulins (IgA, IgM, IgG) and white blood cells and the effect of training by (HIT) method using resistance (weights) as a training curriculum that increases immunity and ensures the continuation of the pills after the return of activity from the stone The response to the Covid-19 epidemic among amateur weightlifters, the researchers relied on the method of trace analysis in an experimental way by conducting a pre-, medial and post-test with the same experimental one agroup on a sample of amateur weightlifters in the Fury private hall for weightlifting and body building in Adhamiya, the number of sample members reached (15 players) who interrupted training during the spread of the Covid 19 virus, and data treatment with (SPSS) system, and the conclusions were as follows, the effect of (HIT) training is effective in improving immune globulins (IgA, IgM, IgG) and white blood cells in light of the Corona pandemic And that the use of resistance (weights) according to the (HIT) method, which depends on the rest time equal to or slightly more than the training time had the effect of increasing the concentration of immune globulins and increasing the concentration of blood cells. White blood within the level.
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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Given the similarities between multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and Kawasaki's disease, most patients with MIS-C have been treated with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), the standard of care for Kawasaki's disease. However, other immunomodulatory therapies, including corticosteroids and biologics, have been used to counter the cytokine-related inflammatory changes in MIS-C. The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of immunomodulatory therapies used in patients with MIS-C in the United States and to assess the relative effectiveness of IVIG plus corticosteroids (CSTs), compared with IVIG alone, in the initial treatment of MIS-C. STUDY POPULATION: The Overcoming COVID-19 surveillance registry identified 596 patients as having MIS-C at each of the 58 participating hospitals between March 15 and October 31, 2020. Of these, 518 (87%) were flagged as receiving at least 1 immunomodulatory treatment. The researchers then analyzed longitudinal data collected in this cohort, including demographic characteristics, underlying medical conditions, signs and symptoms at presentation, clinical course, laboratory test results, diagnostic studies, treatments, complications, and outcomes. METHODS: Statistical comparisons between IVIG+CSTs and IVIG treatment groups were done by population sampling using propensity score matching;among the patients treated with IVIG plus glucocorticoids or IVIG alone on day 0, a total of 206 could be matched at a 1:1 ratio and based on propensity scores. To compare the potential effectiveness of initial immunomodulatory treatment, the authors prespecified a primary composite outcome of cardiovascular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction < 55% and/or shock needing vasopressor support) on day 2 or beyond, up until discharge. Secondary outcome measures included the primary outcome components, escalation of immunomodulation treatment after day 1, and recurrent or persistent fever on day 2 and beyond. The potential effectiveness of treatment in primary and secondary outcomes was also assessed using an inverse-probability weighted analysis. RESULTS: Of the patients treated, 241 (47%) received IVIG and CSTs;107 (21%) received IVIG, CSTs, and a biologic (anakinra, etanercept, infliximab, or tocilizumab);89 (17%) received IVIG only;and 81 (16%) received other treatments, including CSTs only, a biologic only, CSTs and a biologic, or IVIG and a biologic. Highest illness severity was seen in the 107 patients who received IVIG, CSTs, and a biologic combined. Treatment patterns changed over time, with an observed decrease in the fraction of cases treated with IVIG alone, offset primarily by an increase in the use of IVIG with CSTs together. In the propensity-score-matched analysis, initial treatment with IVIG + CSTs was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular dysfunction and less escalation of immunomodulatory treatments later in hospitalization, but the risks of persistent or recurrent fever and length of stay in the ICU were not clearly lower. The inverse-probability-weighted analysis confirmed the findings of the propensity-score-matched analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that initial treatment with IVIG plus glucocorticoids for MIS-C was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular dysfunction than initial treatment with IVIG alone.
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Introduction: Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare immune system disorder that results in muscle weakness, pain or numbness, and, in severe cases, paralysis. GBS is usually due to infections, and occurs more frequently in males and persons over 50 years old [1]. Some cases were described following vaccination among them COVID-19 vaccines. Objective: To describe features of COVID-19 vaccine-associated GBS. Methods: We carried out a retrospective, descriptive study of GBS patients following COVID-19 vaccine, submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) global adverse drug reaction database (VigiBase®) from Tunisia during the period between march 2021 and May 2022. We extracted the data using VigiLyze® software with the English version 25 of MedDRA to identify features of COVID-19 vaccine-associated GBS. In addition, we evaluated vaccine causality using the updated French causality assessment method [2]. Results: Overall, we retrieved 8 patients with GBS post COVID-19 vaccination: Men were representing 62.5% (5/3) of cases. The median age of affected patients was 59 (range: 41;80) years. The most fre- quently reported vaccine type was followed in order by Comirnaty® Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (n = 3 reports [37.5%]), Vaxzevria® AstraZeneca vaccine (n = 3 [37.5%]) and Janssen® vaccine (n = 2 [25%]). The mean time interval from vaccination to symptom onset was 15.3 days (range 7-30 days). Four patients developed GBS after receiving the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine, three after the second dose and one after the third dose. Clinical manifestations were dif- ferent with varying severity: classical GBS [1] (progressive ascending limb weakness associated with reduced or absent reflexes) in 5 cases, and GBS with unilateral facial palsy in 3. In all cases, electromyog- raphy (EMG) studies were consistent with the demyelinating pathology of GBS. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed albuminocytologic dissociation in 3 cases, was normal in 3 and not done in 2. Five patients were treated with a course of intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) for five days and one patient received a total of 2 sessions of plasma exchange. In 2 patients the nature of the treatment was unknown. Six patients reported clinical improvement within 7-10 days while two showed treatment-related fluctuations (TRF). Conclusion: Our observations suggest that COVID-19 vaccines may be associated with GBS. Continuous surveillance and further studies are warranted to assess the significance of the association.
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This study presents the results of the examination of potential donors of blood and its components for immunoglobulins M and G to patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) living in St. Petersburg. A total of 6782 people aged 18-24 years were evaluated, which accounted for 2.07% of the region's population (326 760 people) of this age group. The study was carried out in the spring and autumn of 2020. A negative result (absence of antibodies) was obtained in 93.5% of the participants. The rates of immunoglobulins M and M + G were 0.58% and 4.18%, respectively, in the spring and autumn. Moreover, the number of participants who had immunoglobulins M and G + M in the autumn period was four times higher than the indicators of the spring period, which indicated greater infection activities in the population during this period. This is most likely due to the active movement of the population in the summer. When comparing the rates of COVID-19 infection and the frequency of occurrence in donors of the same age, markers of human immunodeficiency virus 1 and 2 and hepatitis B and C in 2020 (0.024, 0.012 and 0.13%, respectively) indicate the urgency of the problem of donor selection during blood services, especially during a difficult epidemiological situation because of COVID-19. Along with organizational measures for the selection of donors (e.g., attracting individuals from organized groups in which there are no signs of an unfavorable epidemiological situation to donation), mandatory testing of potential donors for immunoglobulins M and G should be considered.
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Introduction: COVID-19 caused by SARS coronavirus two has halted life across the globe since its emergence in December 2019. Most of the infected persons are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. Serosurvey is vital for the estimation of the burden of infection. In this context, our study objective is to estimate the Seroprevalence of SARS CoV 2 IgG among the first-year medical students after the first wave in February 2021. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the first-year medical students of Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research. All the students were enrolled, and their data & serum sample was collected. Serum samples were tested for the presence of Anti-Spike IgG. Data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical tests.
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A male Munchkin cat was brought to a small animal teaching hospital at Mahanakorn University of Technology. The patient presentation with vomiting, chronic diarrhea, and intermittent fever. From history-taking, the owner previously had a cat that was diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) living in the same house but had isolated in a separate area. Fecal examination revealed bacterial enteritis. Hematology and blood chemistry results shown lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and low serum albumin/globulin ratio (0.3 A: G ratio). Abdominal ultrasound revealed mesenteric lymph node (MLN) enlargement and cholecystitis. Cell cytology from the liver and MLN revealed suppurative inflammation. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) was negative for the Feline coronavirus (FCoV) in the blood sample. On the 4th day of treatment, the cat developed pleural and peritoneal effusion. Thoracentesis and abdominocentesis were performed and submitted for analysis. The fluid's results were classified as modified transudate, low A: G ratio (0.3), Rivalta's test (positive), and positive for FCoV by using RT-PCR. On the 8th day of treatment, the cat died from systemic hypotension. Viscous straw yellow-colored fluid and pyogranulomatous lesions at the liver, lung, kidney, and MLN were observed from the necropsy. Histopathology's results shown severe suppurative inflammation in all the above organs. FIP was confirmed by detected FCoV antigen in the cytoplasm of macrophages in the kidney and lung tissue by immunohistochemistry staining.
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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) was approved under emergency authorization to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19 in the United States in 2020. We explored the demographics of donors contributing plasma for a hyperimmune, plasma-derived therapy to evaluate factors that may be associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response variability and, subsequently, antibody titers. STUDY DESIGN: An electronic search of CCP donors was performed across 282 US plasma donation centers. Donations were screened for nucleocapsid protein-binding-IgG using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay. RESULTS: Overall, 52 240 donors donated 418 046 units of CCP. Donors were of various ethnicities: 43% Caucasian, 34% Hispanic, 17% African American, 2% Native American, 1% Asian, and 3% other. Females had higher initial mean anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers but an overall faster rate of decline (P < .0001). Initial antibody titers increased with age: individuals aged 55 to 66 years had elevated anti-SARS-CoV-2 titers for longer periods compared with other ages (P = .0004). African American donors had the lowest initial antibody titers but a slower rate of decline (P < .0001), while Caucasian (P = .0088) and Hispanic (P = .0193) groups had the fastest rates of decline. Most donor antibody levels decreased below the inclusion criteria (≥1.50) within 30 to 100 days of first donation, but donation frequency did not appear to be associated with rate of decline. CONCLUSION: Several factors may be associated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response including donor age and sex. Evaluating these factors during development of future hyperimmune globulin products may help generation of therapies with optimal efficacy.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Aged , Antibodies, Viral , Blood Donors , COVID-19/therapy , Ethnicity , Female , Humans , Immunization, Passive , Immunoglobulin G , Middle Aged , Nucleocapsid Proteins , COVID-19 SerotherapyABSTRACT
Objective To describe the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia, and to improve the understanding and management of clinicians on novel coronavirus pneumonia. Methods The onset, development, treatment and outcome of a patient with severe 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed and relevant literatures were reviewed. Results At the beginning of the disease, the patient presented fever and dry cough, and later the disease progressed to dyspnea. Chest CT showed bilateral exudation of the lung. Lopinavir/ritonavir, IFN-a and immunoglobulin were given to the patient according to the expert group's opinion. The pneumonia was cured and the patient was discharged two weeks later. Conclusion Appropriate management strategies are effective on diagnosis and treatment of new coronavirus pneumonia.
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In the pandemic era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), vaccines have been developed and approved to control the pandemic that might reduce the COVID-19 mortality. Transplant recipients are among the high-risk groups and are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection. According to the available data about COVID-19 vaccines, some platform technologies include vector-based, inactivated, protein subunit, virus-like particles, mRNA, and DNA vaccines (1). There are several guidelines about vaccination in immunocompromised individuals for both non-live- and live vaccines. However, there are still limited evidence-based data about COVID-19 vaccines in the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and establishing a proper recommendation for vaccination in these patients would be challenging (2, 3). Transplant recipients may have shown lesser responses to the vaccines compared with the general population, and it is unknown to what extent the vaccine is effective in this group of patients. Also, in many countries, the vaccination schedule is not adjustable by the patients or physicians, and selecting a particular time window for the best efficacy of immunization is impossible. In this regard, the main concern in the patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs is not worsening symptoms and disease following vaccination. The most critical issue is determining the best time for vaccination to increase its efficacy. Here are some considerations about vector-based, inactivated, and mRNA- nanoparticle vaccines, but most evidence is not based on the results of cohort or clinical trial studies. Before HSCT, patients could receive the COVID-19 vaccine if they are not already immunosuppressed. According to evidence about other inactivated vaccines, such as the influenza vaccine, the interval to start the conditioning regimen could be considered 2 - 4 weeks following the vaccination (4). In autologous HSCT patients, COVID-19 vaccination can be considered 1 - 3 months after transplantation if there has been a community outbreak. If acquiring or transmitting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was well controlled, vaccination could be withheld after six months of transplantation. In the current pandemic, COVID-19 vaccination in allogeneic HSCT patients could be considered at least three months after transplantation. If transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was controlled, vaccination could be withheld after six months of transplantation (4-6). Vaccination of patients with chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) receiving less than 20 mg/day prednisolone (or equivalent) for less than 2 weeks, can be considered similar to the HSCT recipients with no GVHD (5). Vaccines in HSCT recipients with active SARS-CoV-2 infection are not effective thus, receiving the vaccine is not recommended. If an HSCT recipient has received the COVID-19 vaccine before HSCT, re-vaccination after transplantation is suggested (6). The administration of the vaccine is considered when the immune system acquired functional competence. Transplant donation should not be delayed due to the vaccination of the donor to protect the patients in case the transplant is urgent (6). It was reported that recipients who have received anti-B cell antibodies might get the vaccine at 3 - 6 months after the administration and four weeks before the next course of B cell-depleting therapy. If this time window was not possible, vaccination can be regarded under B-cell depleting therapy, considering a suboptimal response to the vaccine (7). It should be noted that the effects of rituximab may last for six months or even a year. Also, the decision to order vaccines following the use of rituximab should be based on the level of immunoglobulins and CD19. There is no strong evidence for the short duration of vaccination following the use of rituximab (such as 3 to 6 months). However, despite the low efficacy of the vaccine in such conditions, it is recommended to get the vaccine whenever available. It is reasonable that recipients who have received therapy with antithy
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COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the acute respiratory syndrome, acute inflammatory response of the respiratory system, vascular injury, microangiopathy, angiogenesis, and widespread thrombosis. Four stages of COVID-19 have been determined;the first stage starts with an upper respiratory tract infection, the second stage starts by the onset of shortness of breath and pneumonia, the third stage starts by worsening of clinical symptoms followed by hyperinflammation, and the fourth stage is death or recovery of the patient. There is currently no successful treatment specifically for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on the pathological features and different clinical stages of COVID-19, especially in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19, the drug groups used includeed antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory drugs/anti-trauma drugs, and heparin with Low molecular weight, plasma, and hyperimmune immunoglobulin. During the emergency of the COVID-19 outbreak, clinical researchers are using a variety of possible therapies to test them. It seems that the precision medicine approach can answer the COVID-19 treatment questions. Therefore, the way to precision medicine in COVID-19 needs an extremely rapid pace. The aim of the present study was to discuss the most up-to-date effective drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Introduction: At the end of 2019, humanity was faced with the challenge of dealing with a new virus - coronavirus 2. Since the discovery of the virus, there have been more and more reports associating SARS-CoV-2 infection to various nervous system (NS) disorders. These disorders can be divided into processes that affect the central nervous system (CNS) and those that affect the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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The aboveground biomass of dry knotweed was administered daily to large groups of young (1- to 3-year-old) stallions of the Czech Warmblood, Czech-Moravian Coldblood and Silesian Norik breeds, fed individually for 4 and 6 months in two successive winter experiments. Their fitness was compared with control groups consisting of equally numerous subgroups comparable in age, breed, body mass and initial blood parameters. The effects of knotweed on the horses’ fitness were evaluated based on changes in blood characteristics. Even if administered in small amounts, 150 g per day, knotweed could (1) increase the thrombocyte numbers, (2) increase the globulin content (thus improving the horses’ immunity, which is desired in large groups of animals), (3) stimulate lipid metabolism in cold-blooded horses and (4) decrease the concentration of cholesterol. The long-lasting effect of knotweed on both the urea and triglyceride–cholesterol ratio presumably reflected, between the two experiments, the temporary protein starvation of horses on pastures with poor quality of grass in a dry summer.
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Globally, SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is considered as pandemic viral infection by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the immunological response aspect, a very limited understanding has been progressed, mainly innate and adaptive immunity responses toward the virus. SARS-COV-2 causes severe respiratory disease and sometimes ended with the death. The body of the patients has ability to develop the immunity to cure the patient and more importantly both humoral and cellular immunity have studied against SARS-COV-2. There are different immune responses against the viral infection as it has seen in other previous diseases such as SARS-COV and MESR. On the base on immune response detected in recovered patients, scientists have started to develop the vaccines. Moreover, there are different strategies that used by researchers and pharmacological companies to develop vaccines including attenuated or killed viruses, RNA of a spike protein, and vector expressing a particular protein of the virus. The common antibodies have detected to work against SARS-COV-2 in sera of infected or recovered patients are immunoglobin G (IgG) and immunoglobin M (IgM). The sera of patients recovered from COVID-19, after tittering of immunoglobulins (IgG titer) can be used for either treatment of disease or prophylaxis of infection by SARS-COV-2. This study gives an update on the current immunological approaches and vaccination strategies for the emerging SARS-COV-2, and discusses the challenges and hurdles to overcome for developing efficacious vaccines against this dangerous pathogen.
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The basic concept for use of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 is as a delivery system for viral neutralizing antibodies, that is to confer passive immunity. Given the fact that they do not have reliable targeted drugs or a vaccine yet, the option of convalescent plasma seems reasonable to boost the immune system of infected patients or susceptible population immediately. This is not a new concept, rather this has been utilized for over 100 years, even predating the discovery of antibiotics. Once it is confirmed that the proposed donor is no longer contagious, the next step would be to see if the donor has adequate levels of antibodies to donate. This can be done by measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels to ensure adequate titers in the donor's circulation. The FDA recommends a SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody titer of at least 1:160 as an inclusion criterion for donor selection. If a compatible unit is not available, the FDA suggests that a titer of 1:80 may be considered acceptable. While waiting for an effective vaccine and / or antiviral agent against COVID-19, experimental therapies are currently being tested in clinical trials. So far, plasma therapy has provided encouraging results with no serious events. It is expected that an increasing use of convalescent plasma for the treatment of seriously ill patients and possibly earlier in the course of the disease and/or for prophylaxis in the coming months. The American Red Cross, the United States government, researchers at the Mayo Clinic, and many others across the country are now working hard to identify suitable donors and establish tests to confirm neutralizing antibodies in such a way that they timely. Since the antibody test is validated, it should help support the most effective use of convalescent plasma. Additionally, efforts are being made to continue the production of a COVID-19 immunoglobulin that could provide a more reliable, effective, and more available plasma-based therapy for this formidable virus.